can be laid out in a planar form, such as stripline or microstrip, with dimensions carefully controlled to ensure consistent impedance. In RF and fast switching circuits, the inductance and capacitance of the printed circuit board conductors become significant, usually unwanted, circuit elements; rather, they can be used as part imprimate productie circuite of the circuit design, as
circuit boards are used in almost all electronic products and some electrical products. Currently, the production and assembly of printed circuits are automated. Electronic computer aided design software is available to do much of the layout work. Multilayer circuite productie imprimate PCBs allow for much higher component density
measure the quality of copper tracks. The impedance is an alternating current (AC) characteristic that increases with frequency and becomes critical for printed circuits operating at frequencies above 200 or 300 Mhz. Impedance calculator software is a good productie circuite imprimate starting point to determine the track width (w) and insulation